The student will be able to:

1. Identify and describe vascular anatomy
2. Identify potential sites for venipuncture
3. Identify the technique in achieving medical and surgical asepsis
4. Identify equipment needed for venipuncture and intravenous infusion
5. Describe and identify equipment and techniques of intravenous line establishment
6. Describe the disposal of sharps and syringes
7. Describe proper post puncture care
8. Distinguish between the chemical, generic, and trade names for select drugs
9. Describe biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic principles of drugs
10. Discuss patient safety issues involved in medication administration
11. Discuss classifications of drugs utilized in radiology in terms of uses and side effects
12. Describe and compare the various contrast materials
13. Recognize signs, symptoms, and treatment of adverse reaction during contrast injection
14. Composition and purpose of antianaphylaxis tray
15. Identify and describe parts and functions of automatic injection devices
16. Discuss the purposes and advantages of intravenous drug administration over other routes
17. Analyze patient care, communication, and medicolegal ethics related to venipuncture and radiology

1. Vascular anatomy
   1. Layers of the vein
   2. Veins of the forearm
   3. Veins of the hand
2. Venipuncture sites
   1. Hand/wrist
   2. Forearm
   3. Veins that should be avoided
      1. Previously used veins
      2. Injured veins
      3. Sclerotic, hard veins
      4. Veins of a surgically compromised limb
   4. Pick the best access
3. Medical and surgical asepsis
   1. Package integrity
   2. Product expiration dates
   3. Use single use medications
   4. Don't reuse needles or syringes
   5. Preparing the site
4. Equipment
   1. Needles
   2. IV solutions
   3. Tubing
   4. Gloves
   5. Alcohol wipes
   6. Tourniquet
   7. 2 x 2 gauze
   8. Tape
   9. Syringe
   10. Band-aid
   11. Elbow board
5. Intravenous line establishment
   1. Patient identification, assessment, and instructions
   2. Informed consent
   3. Dosage, dose calculations, and dose-response
      1. Adults
      2. Pediatrics
   4. Application of standard precautions
   5. Select best site
   6. Clean the skin
   7. Apply tourniquet
   8. Put on gloves
   9. Anchor the vein with thumb
   10. Puncture the vein
       1. Bevel up
       2. Angle from skin
       3. Watch for blood flashback
   11. Lower the needle almost flush with the skin
   12. If using angiocath:
       1. Advance 1/4 to 1/2 inch
       2. Hold stylet, remove catheter
   13. Release tourniquet
   14. Apply tubing or syringe
   15. Tape
6. Disposal of contaminated materials
   1. Needles, tubing, and syringes
      1. Sharps container
   2. Alcohol wipe, tape, gauze, gloves, Band-aid
      1. Plastic lined waste receptacle
   3. Do not recap needles
7. Post puncture care
   1. Apply pressure
      1. Do not bend the arm
   2. Check site before patient leaves the department
   3. Instruct patient to call if problem develops
8. Drug nomenclature
   1. Chemical name
   2. Generic name
   3. Trade name
   4. Methods of drug classification
      1. Chemical group
      2. Mechanism/site of action
      3. Primary effect
9. General pharmacologic principles
   1. Pharmacokinetics
   2. Pharmacodynamics
   3. Pharmacogenetics
10. Patient safety issues
    1. Six Rights of Drug Safety
       1. The right medication
       2. The right dose
       3. The right patient
       4. The right time
       5. The right route
       6. The right documentation
    2. Routes of drug administration
       1. Systemic
          1. Enteral
             1. Sublingual
             2. Buccal
             3. Rectal
          2. Rectal
          3. Tube/catheter
          4. Inhalation
          5. Topical
       2. Parenteral
          1. Intravenous
          2. Intra-arterial
          3. Intrathecal
          4. Intramuscular
          5. Subcutaneous
          6. Intradermal
          7. Intraosseous
11. Drug categories of relevance to radiography (side effects, uses, and impacts on medical imaging)
    1. Analgesics
    2. Antiemetic drugs
    3. Antianxiety drugs
    4. Antidepressants
    5. Anti-inflammatory drugs
    6. Antiarrhythmic drugs
    7. Vasodilators and vasoconstrictors
    8. Diuretics
    9. Antihypertensive drugs
    10. Anticoagulant and coagulant drugs
    11. Antiallergic and antihistamine drugs
    12. Bronchodilators
    13. Antibacterial drugs
    14. Antiseptic and disinfectant agents
    15. Sedative and hypotonic drugs
    16. Anesthetic agents
    17. Cathartic and antidiarrheal drugs
    18. Hormones
    19. Anticholinergics
    20. Anticonvulsants
    21. Antidiabetics
    22. Antiviral
    23. Corticosteroids
12. Contrast media
    1. Iodinated contrast/chemical configurations
       1. Ionic monomer/characteristics
       2. Ionic dimer/characteristics
       3. Non-ionic monomer
       4. Non-ionic dimer
    2. Characteristics of ionic and non-ionic contrast media
       1. Chemical composition
       2. Osmolarity
       3. Iodine concentration
       4. Viscosity
       5. Toxicity
       6. Elimination characteristics
       7. Dosage
       8. Preparation
       9. Effects
       10. Interactions and contraindications
    3. Considerations for determining type of contrast agent
       1. Absolute
          1. Previous reaction
          2. Multiple myeloma
          3. Heart disease
          4. Laboratory values (e.g., BUN, creatinine, eGFR)
       2. Secondary
          1. Allergic history
          2. Patient age and weight
          3. Renal disease
          4. Diabetes
          5. Allergy to iodine
          6. Anxiety
    4. Paramagnetic contrast medias/gadolinium
    5. Metallic salts
    6. Gaseous
13. Adverse reactions
    1. To venipuncture/symptoms/treatment
       1. Stick an artery
       2. Extravasation
       3. Infiltration
       4. Hematoma
       5. Venous spasm
       6. Infection
       7. Phlebitis
       8. Air embolism
       9. Drug incompatability
       10. Low fluid level in the container
    2. To contrast media
       1. Anaphalactic reaction/types/symptoms/treatment
          1. Gastrointestinal response
          2. Cutaneous response
          3. Respiratory response
          4. Central nervous response
          5. Cardiovascular response
       2. Vasovagal reaction/symptoms/treatment
       3. Renal effects/symptoms/treatment
       4. Supplies needed
          1. Normal saline/Ringer's solution
          2. IV needles/connecting tubes
          3. Oxygen/mask/prongs/tubing
          4. Syringes/needles
          5. Stethoscope/B.P. cuff
          6. Benadryl/epinephrine/atropine
    3. Technologist's role in treatment
       1. Maintain IV site for 15 minutes
       2. Recognize the type of reaction so drug can be ready
       3. Have equipment and drugs immediately available
       4. Release compression/elevate legs
14. Composition and purpose of antianaphylactic tray
    1. To decrease and/or reverse patient's adverse reaction to contrast media
    2. Drugs
       1. Phenergan/compazine (nausea and vomiting)
       2. Epinephrine (asthma-like symptoms/tachycardia)
       3. Atropine, oxygen, tredelenburg (vagal reaction)
       4. Valium (diazepam—seizures/convulsions)
       5. Benadryl (diphenhydramine—hives)
    3. Equipment
       1. Inhaler
15. Automatic injection devices
    1. Advantages over manual injection
       1. Delivers large amounts of contrast
       2. Precise rate
    2. Parts
16. Intravenous drug therapy
    1. Purpose
    2. Advantages
    3. Methods
    4. Sites of administration
    5. Complications
    6. Initiation of intravenous therapy
    7. Discontinuation of intravenous therapy
    8. Documentation of administration
    9. Documentation of complication/reaction
17. Patient care, communication, and medicolegal ethics
    1. Professional standards
       1. Scope of practice
       2. Practice standards
       3. Professional liability and negligence
    2. State statutes
    3. Employer policy
    4. Informed consent

1. Perform ten venipunctures on upper extremity phantom under direct supervision
2. Utilize proper medical and surgical asepsis
3. Identify and select proper equipment
4. Demonstrate proper intravenous line set-up

Midterm
Final examination
Laboratory participation

Lecture
Discussion
Cooperative learning exercises
Demonstration
Laboratory

Jensen, Steven, and Michael Peppers. Pharmacology and Drug Administration for Imaging Technologists. 2005.

American College of Radiology. ACR Manual on Contrast Media. 2021.

Although the Jensen/Peppers textbook is older than the suggested "5 years or newer", it remains a seminal text in this field of study.

1. Weekly reading assignments
2. Clinical scenario critical thinking group exercise
3. Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals reflection paper