The student will be able to:

1. Describe the structures and functions of chemicals, cells, tissues, and organs of the nervous system in health and disease.
2. Describe the structures and functions of chemicals, cells, tissues, and organs of the cardiovascular system in health and disease.
3. Describe the structures and functions of chemicals, cells, tissues, and organs of the respiratory system in health and disease.
4. Evaluate intersections between anatomy and physiology and issues of diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice.

1. Nervous system will include:
   1. Introduction of nervous system organization
      1. Central nervous system
      2. Peripheral nervous system
         1. Somatic nervous system
         2. Autonomic nervous system
   2. Histology
      1. Neurons
         1. Typical neuron
         2. Classification by form
         3. Classification by function
      2. Gray and white matter
      3. Neuroglia
         1. Types within the central nervous system
         2. Types within the peripheral nervous system
         3. Myelination and the neurolemma
   3. Impulse transmission and membrane potentials
      1. Resting membrane potential
      2. Ion channels
      3. Action potential
         1. Depolarization - repolarization
         2. Propagation
   4. Synapse and neurotransmitters
   5. Neuronal transmission patterns
   6. Spinal cord
      1. Basic anatomy overview
      2. Spinal tracts
      3. Spinal meninges
   7. Spinal nerves
      1. Number, location and structure of spinal nerves
      2. Plexuses and function of spinal nerves
   8. General pathway of reflexes
   9. The brain
      1. Introduction to brain structure and function
      2. Coverings; skull and cranial meninges
      3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
         1. Structures involved in production and function of CSF
         2. Clinical disorder involving CSF; hydrocephalus
      4. Basic anatomy overview
      5. Cranial nerves
         1. Pathways, number, structure of cranial nerves
         2. Function of select cranial nerves
      6. Electroencephalogram [EEG]
      7. Neuroplasticity and learning
         1. Neuromyths and misconceptions around intelligence
   10. The autonomic nervous system
       1. General organization
       2. Survey of activities
          1. Parasympathetic
          2. Sympathetic
   11. Special senses structure and functions
2. The cardiovascular system will include:
   1. Introduction
      1. Comparison of body fluids
      2. Functions of blood
      3. Blood plasma
      4. Formed elements
   2. Blood
      1. Red blood cells
         1. Structure and function
         2. Hemoglobin
         3. Origin and development
         4. Homeostasis
         5. Life span and recycling
      2. White blood cells
         1. Anatomy and types
         2. Physiology
      3. Platelets
      4. Hemostasis
         1. Vascular spasms
         2. Platelet plugs
         3. Coagulation
         4. Clotting factors
      5. Plasma
         1. Components
         2. Functions
      6. Blood diseases
   3. Heart
      1. Anatomy
         1. Location and size
         2. Pericardium
         3. Heart wall, chambers, and valves
         4. Blood supply to the heart
      2. Physiology
         1. Blood flow
         2. Valve action
         3. Conduction system
         4. Cardiac cycle, heart sounds and electrocardiogram (ECG)
         5. Determining cardiac output
         6. Regulation of heart rate
         7. Heart disease
   4. Blood vessels
      1. Basic types of vessels, histology, functions
         1. Arteries
         2. Arterioles
         3. Capillaries
         4. Venules
         5. Veins
      2. Hemodynamics
         1. Velocity and volume of blood flow
         2. Capillary filtration
         3. Control of blood pressure and flow
      3. Pulmonary and systemic circulation
   5. Regulation by the autonomic nervous system
   6. Effects of sex, age and disease on the cardiovascular system
   7. Health disparities in cardiovascular disease
3. Respiratory system will include:
   1. Introduction of structure and function
   2. External (pulmonary), internal (tissue), and cellular respiration
   3. Survey of anatomy and histology: nares to alveoli
   4. Physiology
      1. Pulmonary ventilation
      2. Blood gas transport
         1. Oxygen transport
         2. Carbon dioxide transport
         3. Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
      3. Tissue gas diffusion
      4. Regulation of respiration
   5. Respiratory diseases
   6. Health disparities in lung disease
4. Issues of diversity, equity, inclusion, and social justice
   1. Examination of health disparities, social determinants of health, and health inequities as related to the above listed organ systems
   2. Examination of the contributions of scientists from a diversity of backgrounds to the fields of anatomy and physiology

1. Laboratory topics (hands-on exploration of models, specimens, and/or digital renderings in the following areas):
   1. Nervous system
      1. Histology
      2. Gross anatomy
      3. Dissection
   2. Special senses
      1. Testing senses to explore mechanisms of sensation
   3. Cardiovascular system:
      1. Histology
      2. Gross anatomy
      3. Dissection
      4. Blood vessels
      5. Blood flow
      6. Heart structure and function
      7. Adult and fetal circulation
      8. Blood pressure
      9. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
      10. Heart sounds
   4. Respiratory system
      1. Histology
      2. Gross anatomy
      3. Measuring respiratory volumes
2. Laboratory skills:
   1. Identification of tissues and structures on prepared histology slides of systems covered
   2. Use of laboratory materials, such as general lab equipment, models and microscopes
   3. Dissection and identification of structures on preserved specimens, such as cow eye, sheep brain, sheep heart
   4. Use of stethoscope and blood pressure cuff
   5. Generation and discussion of an ECG (electrocardiogram)

Lecture and laboratory exams consisting of subjective and objective items. Exams written to assess knowledge and critical thinking ability. Exams may include short answer/essay questions, discussion questions, diagramming, questions relevant to laboratory experiments, lab practical component, or questions generated from models, histology slides, dissection specimens or images of the same
Lab reports, pre-lab or post-lab assignments
Evaluation of case studies and clinical scenarios
Reading and analysis of scientific studies of anatomy and physiology

Lecture
Laboratory
Cooperative learning, including team-based learning and project-based learning
Demonstration of specimen dissection

Openstax. Anatomy and Physiology. 2020.

Tortora and Derrickson. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 16th ed.. 2020.

Allen and Harper. Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology, 7th ed.. 2020.

Additional materials may include but are not limited to the following:
1. Scientist Spotlights: https://scientistspotlights.org/
2. Resources in neuromyths and misconceptions around intelligence, such as:

Betts, K., M. Miller, T. Tokuhama-Espinosa, P.A. Shewokis, A. Anderson, C. Borja, ... and S. Dekker. "International Report: Neuromyths and Evidence-Based Practices in Higher Education." Online Learning Consortium. 2019.
3. Resources on cardiovascular health disparities, such as:

Graham, G. "Disparities in cardiovascular disease risk in the United States." Current Cardiology Reviews. 11(3), 238-245. 2015.
4. Resources on respiratory health disparities, such as:

Pinkerton, K.E., M. Harbaugh, M.K. Han, C. Jourdan Le Saux, L.S. Van Winkle, W.J. Martin, ... and M. George. "Women and lung disease. Sex differences and global health disparities." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 192(1), 11-16. 2015.
Ryan, B.M. "Lung cancer health disparities." Carcinogenesis. 39(6), 741-751. 2018.

1. Review assigned textbook and lab manual pages and corresponding instructional materials
2. Completion of homework problems, practice questions, case study analyses, and written reflections
3. Analysis of the contributions to anatomy and physiology by scientists from a diversity of backgrounds